Blackfeet Identity and Blood Quantum: A History Paperback – September 29, 2025

The Legacy and Impact of Blood Quantum on Native AmericansBlood quantum has become intrinsically linked to the identity and recognition of Native Americans. The discussion of Indigenous Peoples in America is inseparable from the topic of blood quantum, which has played a pivotal role in their history and present circumstances.Historical Context of Blood QuantumAlthough the federal government formally adopted blood quantum as a standard for determining who is considered American Indian in 1934, its roots extend much further back in U.S. history. The concept began during the colonial era and has persisted through to the present day. The federal government consistently sought a legal mechanism to appropriate tribal lands and evade federal treaty obligations. Blood quantum became the tool that served this purpose, allowing for the systematic disenfranchisement of Native Americans.“Mathematical Genocide” and Its ConsequencesThe ongoing use of blood quantum has led to what is referred to as "Mathematical Genocide." This system operates as a mathematical formula that divides an individual’s Native American ancestry by generations. Once a descendant’s blood quantum falls below one-quarter (or 0.25%), they are no longer acknowledged as tribal members. This reduction in recognized tribal members provides the federal government a pathway to terminate its treaty responsibilities to Native Peoples once the blood quantum threshold is not met.Blood Quantum and the Blackfeet NationThis book presents an overview of blood quantum policies and their specific effects on the Blackfeet Nation of Montana, with particular emphasis on the 1935 Blackfeet Base Rolls. Utilizing blood quantum as a requirement for tribal enrollment has resulted in a consistent decline in the number of individuals eligible for tribal membership. Despite these challenges and the shrinking enrollment numbers, Blackfeet culture has demonstrated remarkable resilience and remains vibrant and intact. Read more